Biotechnology is now a day’s gaining in importance in the modern world and is often quoted as the next big thing after information technology, owing to its benefits to human welfare. Biotechnology is use of modern biological knowledge of modern technology. It is highly multidisciplinary including plant, animal and microorganisms, since it has its foundations in many disciplines, including applied biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical application of organisms. Biotechnology is an established discipline that covers a wide area of subjects, ranging from the basic aspects such as microbial ecology, biology, physiology, diversity etc., and applied aspects such as plant protection, humane health etc. This book is a collection of excellent reviews and researches contributed by experts in the field of Biotechnology and allied sciences also chapters provides the latest advances in the most challenging research topics. The book includes 22 chapters, in different topics, including, antimicrobials, human pathogens, bacterial genomics, and computational approaches to biotechnology, bioremediation, and plant microbe interactions prepared by eminent scholars in their field. With its focus on wide range area of the beneficial and detrimental importance of microorganisms, it provides a vital assessment of the current state of knowledge on the importance and significance Biotechnological applications of the for human health, plant conservation and environmental protection. It is evident that the biotechnology professionals will find in this book a summation of knowledge that has not been previously assembled. Recent developments and ideas given by the experts in the various aspects of environmental bio- iv technology have been discussed, to make this book more suitable for the students of B.Sc and M.Sc as well as reference book for Ph.D. students. We sincerely thank to Prof. N. Nagaraju, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor of Gangadhar Meher University for his constant support and encouragement at all levels.